About Albertus de Saxonia: Medieval Theologian and Philosopher (1316 – 1390)
albert of saxony (Latin: Albertus de Saxon; C. 1320 – July 8, 1390) was a German philosopher best known for his contributions to logic and physics. From 1366 until his death, he served as bishop of Halberstadt.
Life
Albert was born in Rickensdorf near Helmstedt, the son of a peasant in a small village. But because of his talent, he was sent to study at the University of Prague and the University of Paris.
In Paris he became a Master of Arts (Professor), a position he held from 1351 to 1362. He also studied theology at the Sorbonne, but did not receive a degree. In 1353 he was appointed Rector of the University of Paris. After 1362, Albert traveled to the court of Pope Urban V in Avignon as an emissary for Duke Rudolf IV of Austria to negotiate the establishment of the University of Vienna. Negotiations were successful, and Albert became the university’s first president in 1365.
In 1366 Albert was elected bishop of Halberstadt (counted as Albert III), Halberstadt was the parish where he was born. As bishop of Halberstadt, he allied himself with Magnus, duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg against Gebhard of Berg, bishop of Hildesheim, and at the Battle of Dinkler in 1367 captured by Gebhard.
He died in Halberstadt in 1390.
philosophy
Albert was a student of Jean Buridan and was deeply influenced by Buridan’s theories of physics and logic. As a natural philosopher, he contributed to the dissemination of Parisian natural philosophy in Italy and Central Europe. Similar to Brittan, Albert combined critical analysis of language with epistemological pragmatism. As his teacher did, Albert differentiated what was absolutely impossible or contradictory and what was impossible “in the common process of nature” and considered what was impossible in nature but conceivable under the absolute power of God assumptions in the case. Albert refuses to extend references to physical terms to supernatural, purely imaginary possibilities. Later considered to be one of the main followers of nominalism, with his near-contemporaries in Paris, Brittan and Marsilius of Inghen, their works were often so similar that they were confused with each other. The subsequent widespread dissemination of Albert’s work made him in some areas better known than his more important contemporaries such as Brittan and Nicole Aurezme.
Albert’s work on logic was also strongly influenced by William of Occam, whose logical reasoning (i.e. porphyry and Aristotle’s Classification and interpreter) is known as the subject of a series of works interrogative sentence by Albert.
Albert von Sachsen’s three-stage theory of dynamics
Albert of Saxony’s teachings on logic and metaphysics were extremely influential. Dynamic theory introduces a third stage in Avicenna’s two-stage theory.
- Early.Motion is in a straight line in the direction of the driving force, the driving force is dominant, and gravity is negligible
- intermediate stage. As air resistance slows the projectile and gravity recovers, the path begins to deviate from a straight line downwards, becoming part of a great circle.
- end period. When all power is used up, gravity alone pulls the projectile down vertically.
This theory was a precursor to modern inertial theory.
Although Brittan remains the logically dominant figure, Albert’s ivy (c. 1360) was destined to be a popular text because of its systemic character and because it occupied and developed essential aspects of the Occamian position. Albert embraced Occam’s concept of the nature of signs. Albert argues that signification depends on the referential relationship between signs and individual things, while the signification of colloquial signs depends on conceptual signs. Albert followed Occam in his concept of universals and hypothetical theory. Specifically, Albert retains Occam’s notion of simple assumptions, understanding it as a term referring directly to the concept upon which it depends when denoting an extra-mental thing. Albert followed Occam in his category theory, in contrast to Brittan, who rejected quantity itself as a feature of reality, reducing it to the disposition of matter and mass. Albert established meaning through the referential relationship of a single thing, defining the relationship between spoken language and conceptual symbols as subordination. Albert’s treatment of relationships is very novel. Although, like Occam, he refuses to interpret relations as distinct from absolute entities, he clearly attributes them to an act of the soul by which absolute entities can be compared and placed with each other. Thus, he completely rejects certain propositions that Occam admits to be reasonable, even if he does not interpret them in the same way.
albert’s extensive collection sophistry (c. 1359) examines various sentences that present difficulties in interpretation due to the presence of cognate words such as quantifiers and certain prepositions, which, according to medieval logicians, had no proper and definite meaning, but modified terms in propositions with other meanings.in his sophistry, He followed William Heisbury. In his analysis of epistemic verbs or infinity, Albert conceded that a proposition has its own meaning, not the meaning of its terms: like a cocategorical term, a proposition signifies a “pattern of things”. Albert uses the concept of the distinguishable meaning of propositions to define truth and deal with “unsolvable” or self-referential paradoxes. In this work he showed that since every proposition, in its own form, shows that it is true, an unsolvable proposition will prove false because it will show both that it is true and that it is true. It’s fake.
Albert also wrote about Ars Vetusa group of twenty-five logical problem (c. 1356) concerns semantic issues and logical states, and interrogative sentence exist Posterior analysis. Albert explores the place of logic and semantics, as well as the theory of reference and truth, in a series of contentious issues. Albert was influenced by British logicians and had an influence on the dissemination of final logic in Central Europe.Albert is considered a major contributor to his theory of consequences, in his Zinnia Logic. Albert took a big step forward in the medieval deductive theory of logic.
But here is his comment on Aristotle physics Especially widely read. Many of its manuscripts can be found in France and Italy, Erfurt and Prague.Albert’s physics Basically guaranteeing the transmission of the Parisian tradition to Italy, with the authoritative work of Heisbury and John Dumbleton.his comments on Aristotle De Carlo Also influential, ultimately overshadowing Bridan’s comments on this article. It was read in Bologna by Blasius of Parma between 1379 and 1382. Soon after, it received a lot of attention in Vienna.his Proportionality Often cited in Italy, in addition to texts by Thomas Bradwardin and Ores May, it influenced the application of proportional theory to movement.
Albert’s comment Nicomachean Ethics and economics also survived (neither edited), as well as some brief mathematical texts, most notably Proportional femur (c. 1353). Although Albert studied theology in Paris, no theological writings have survived.
Albert was instrumental in disseminating Parisian ideas throughout Italy and Central Europe, which were imprinted with the teachings of Brittan, but also clearly influenced by Albert’s own mastery of English innovation. At the same time, Albert is not just a compiler of other people’s works. He knew how to construct evidence of undeniable ingenuity on many topics in logic and physics.
work
- Perutilis Logica Magistri Alberti de Saxonia (very useful logic), Venice 1522 and Hildesheim 1974 (replica)
- Twenty-five controversial questions about logic by Albert of Saxony.A critical edition of his questions on logicMichael J. Fitzgerald, Leiden: Brill, 2002
- Doubts in Artemisinin A critical edition of Angel Muñoz Garcia, Maracaibo, Venezuela: Universidad del Zulia, 1988
- Questions about posterior analysis
- logical problem (logical problem)
- as a result of (regarding consequences) – attributable to
- dialectics (Dialectical Thesis) – Attribution
- Sophismat et Insolubilia et ObligationesParis 1489 and Hildesheim 1975 (copy)
- Exositio et quaestiones in Aristotelis Physicam ad Albertum de Saxonia attributeae A critical edition of Benoit Patar, Leuven, Peeters Publishers, 1999
- Problem subtilissime in libros Aristotelis de caelo et mundo, Venetiis, 1492. Problem subtilissime super librosteriorum, Venetiis 1497 Hildesheim 1986 (copy)
- Alberti de Saxonia Quæstiones in Aristotelis De cælo A critical edition of Benoit Patar, Leuven, Peeters Publishers, 2008
- La TournebusPadua 1505
- Latitude Forum
- very large and very small
- circle circle – Question about squares of circles
- Proportional femurVenice 1496 and Vienna 1971: edited by Hubertus L. Busard
Modern version and English translation
- Proportional femur: Albert von Saxon’s Theory of Proportion, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, math.-nat. Klasse, Denkschriften 116(2):44-72. Springer, Vienna, 1971.
- ivyLatin and Spanish translation by A. Muñoz-Garcia, UNAM, 1988.
- Problems in Artem VeteremLatin and Spanish translation of A. Muñoz-Garcia, Maracaibo, Universidad del Zulia, 1988.
- Proprietary terminal (Second paragraph ivy), edited by C. Kann, Terminal FeaturesBrill, Leiden, 1993.
- Quaestiones super libros Physicorumedited by B. Patar, Exositio et Quaestiones in Aristotelis Physicam ad Albertum de Saxonia attributeeLeuven, Peters, 1999 (3 volumes).
- Quaestiones circa Logicam: Twenty-Five Controversial Questions About Logic, Trans Michael J. Fitzgerald, Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations 9, Leuven and Paris: Peeters, 2010.
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