About Ahmet Tevfik Pasha: The Last Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1845-1936)
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Ahmed Teffik Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: احمد توفیق پاشا; February 11, 1845 – October 8, 1936), known as Ahmet Tevfik Okday Ottoman politicians of Crimean Tatar descent after the Turkish Surname Law of 1934. He was the last Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.
He held the position three times, the first under Abdul Hamid II in 1909, during the Allied occupation of Istanbul during the Allied occupation of Istanbul from 1918 to 1919 and from 1920 to 1922. under the leadership of King VI. In addition to serving as Prime Minister, Ahmed Teffiq was a diplomat, a member of the Ottoman Senate and Minister of Foreign Affairs.
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Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, c. 1885
Ahmet Tevfik was born on February 11, 1845 in Constantinople. His father, Féric Ismail Pasha, was a Crimean Tatar, a descendant of the Jiray dynasty. Ahmet Tevfik served in the military but left after becoming a junior officer to train as a government bureaucrat. After 1872, he held various foreign ministry positions. After serving as ambassadors in Rome, Vienna, St. Petersburg and Athens, he served in Berlin from 1885 to 1895 as Chargé d’Affaires and Ambassador to Germany for the Ottoman Empire. After returning to Istanbul, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs (Turkey: Harikiye Naziri) from 1899 to 1909. After the proclamation of a second constitutional era in 1908, Ahmed Teffik Pasha was appointed to a seat in the Ottoman revival Senate (Turkish: Ayan Meklisi), also the upper house of the restored parliament, the General Assembly (Turkish: Meclis-i Mebusan).
While serving as Chargé d’affaires in Athens, he met and married Elisabeth Tschumi, a Swiss woman who worked as a governess for the children of another diplomat. They had five children together.
First Grand Vizier
Ahmet Tevfik Pasha’s first term as Grand Vizier was a direct result of the failed counter-revolutionary March 31 event (actually occurred on April 13) in 1909. one of the results. When the authoritarians announced their anti-coup, they demanded and accepted their predecessor’s resignation. Grand Vizier Hussein Hilmi Pasha. Although their preferred replacement was not Ahmed Teffiq Pasha, his appointment at least met their demands for Hussein Hilmi Pasha’s ouster. Ahmet Tevfik Pasha only reluctantly took office at the urging of his pro-authoritarian Sultan Abdul Hamid II to form a major The government is composed of non-partisan and neutral members and is taking precautions to limit the growth of violence that has begun in Istanbul and Adana.after Harekt Aldusu Army of Action enters Istanbul and restores constitutional government, Abdul Hamid deposed, Ahmed Teffiq Pasha resigns, Hussein Hilmi Pasha returns to Dawei zier.
Second Grand Vizier
After the First World War and the resignation of Ahmed Itze Pasha, Ahmed Teffik Pasha was reappointed Grand Vizier on 11 November 1918. Two days after his term began, the Allies began to occupy Constantinople. On December 21, 1918, the Allies pressured Sultan Mehmed VI to dissolve the parliament, and a few weeks later, the government of Ahmed Teffik Pasha was also dissolved. He formed a government again on January 12, 1919, but resigned as Grand Vizier on March 3, 1919 after the invaders forced him to dissolve it again.
Paris Peace Conference
After his second term as Grand Vizier, Ahmed Teffik Pasha became the head of the Ottoman Senate (which, unlike the Lower House, has not been dissolved). He then chaired the Haussmann delegation to the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. Ahmed Teffik Pasha’s delegation rejected the harsh terms of the proposed treaty, but another delegation sent by Grand Vizier Damat Ferid Pasha accepted the terms and signed the treaty . Treaty of Sèvres.
Third Grand Vizier
On October 21, 1920, he was reappointed Grand Vizier, succeeding Damat Ferit Pasha. Meanwhile, the Turkish National Movement established another government in Ankara, proclaiming itself the sole government of the country and rejecting the sultanate. In 1921, Ahmed Teffik Pasha proposed that the nationalist Ankara government form a body together with his monarchical Istanbul government at the London Conference. However, Ankara leader Mustafa Kemal rejected the proposal, and the two governments sent delegations to the meeting, with Ahmed Teffik Pasha himself leading the Istanbul delegation, Bekir Sami Kunduch leads the Ankara delegation. Once in London, however, Ahmed Teffik Pasha made a surprise announcement that the Ankara government was indeed the only legitimate government in Turkey and allowed Bekir Sami to be the sole delegate to the conference.
After the abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate on November 1, 1922, Ahmed Teffiq Pasha met with his government. With the departure of Sultan Mehmed VI, there was no longer any reason to continue in office, and the government began to resign one by one. On November 4, 1922, Ahmed Teffiq Pasha resigned three days after the abolition.
Later life and death
Following the Surname Act of 1934, he adopted the surname “Okday”. He died in Istanbul on October 8, 1936, and was buried in the Edirne Kapi Martyrs Cemetery.
His biography, written by his grandson Şefik Meetu Okday, was published in 1986 under the title My grandfather, the last grand vizier, Ahmed Teffiq Pasha (Turkey: Büyükbabam Son Sadrazam Ahmet Tevfik Paşa).
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